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Oxytocin treatment for postpartum depression
Oxytocin Treatment for Postpartum Depression
Oxytocin (OT) has potential to be a treatment for Postpartum Depression (PPD)(). Oxytocin is released when a mother cares for her child, making the interaction pleasurable(). Mothers that report high levels of infant-mother bonding and demonstrate responsive and sensitive parenting generally show increased levels of OT and brain reward center activation during play sessions(). According to Slattery and Neumann, the oxytocin system of mothers experiencing PPD may have altered activity(). These mothers have trouble bonding with their infants when they are born(). An experiment found that mothers, who have low attachment ratings to adults and their infants, also have lower levels of OT when caring for their children(). It is thought that women experiencing PPD may benefit from intranasal OT because this treatment would help the mother feel happier and assist her in bonding with the child (). Another experiment shows that administering OT to a mother sheep increases the amount of care that she gives to offspring (). Further experimentation needs to be done in order to determine the effectiveness of OT as a treatment for Postpartum Depression().
==Intranasal Administration==
Intranasal (IN) administration, as opposed to more conventional routes, such as oral or intravenous infusion, offers an alternative method for drug delivery. This method is often the preferred method(). Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide that can be administered in this manner. IN delivery methods are gaining popularity due to the non-invasive nature of the method. IN generally does not require complicated sterile preparations, is relatively painless, and often can be administered quickly by a medical doctor, or in some cases the patient. IN maximizes the convenience and comfort of the patient, making a treatment regimen more likely to be followed(). During Postpartum Depression (PPD), some women may be less likely to seek treatment if treatment is inconvenient. In addition, new mothers (especially if suffering with depression) may feel socially isolated or overwhelmed by responsibilities of caring for a new infant. IN not only provides a convenient delivery method, but is also a logical choice based on efficacy. Tissue in nasal cavities is highly vascular, providing a large surface area for absorption. Large surface areas allow for quick drug onset, meaning greater potential for the drug to reach the central nervous system without undergoing first-pass metabolism(). Avoiding first-pass metabolism allows more of the drug to be available for treatment. Gastrointestinal discomfort and digestive side-effects can also be avoided by IN dosage(). IN delivery allows OT to cross the blood brain barrier, expediting the drug to the central nervous system() and cerebrospinal fluid. The blood-brain-barrier normally protects the brain by blocking certain chemicals and toxins from reaching the brain. Increased levels of OT can be found in salivary samples after intranasal administration of the neuropeptide. Salivary OT levels can remain higher than baseline levels four hours after dosage, suggesting that OT is still producing an active response(). This may be an effective way of monitoring levels of OT levels during short-term treatment or help identify women at risk of or have a history of PPD. Though OT can be administrered intravenously (and is sometimes the appropriate method depending on the medical situation), IN administration offers many advantages that make it an ideal choice for short-term treatment.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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